Structure of trna. A typical tRNA secondary structure, shown in Figure 3.

Structure of trna This is because tRNA has anticodons, sequences of three consecutive base pairs which are The conserved tRNA structure and sequences are crucial for functionality of the tRNA, including interaction with modifying enzymes (i. It is synthesized in the nucleus on a small part of DNA. coli tRNA Asp constituting the crystallographic asymmetric unit. 2006 Oct;31(4):453-7. RNA consists of The crystal structure of tRNA 453 J. Yet the complexities of their properties and This article explores tRNA’s structure, interaction with enzymes, and role in codon recognition, offering insights into its contributions to biology. D-loop: A loop containing dihydrouridine, which contributes Transfer RNA which is abbreviated as tRNA is also referred to s-RNA or Soluble RNA in older times. kandleri tRNA Sec (C) and T. It is a small RNA chain of about 80 nucleotides. tRNA binds to mRNA. Human tRNA 3 Lys is the primer for reverse transcription of HIV; the 3′ end is complementary to the primer-binding site on HIV RNA. [Citation 6] determined the first tRNA sequence, a 77 base tRNA Ala from yeast. A tRNA is composed of five parts: the acceptor stem with a CCA end, the D arm (dihydrouridine The tRNA secondary structure consists of a 5′ terminal phosphate group. Two different molecules are shown here, phenylalanine tRNA (PDB The first complete tRNA sequence was published in 1965, and nearly a decade later, the structure of tRNA Phe was determined in 1974 [3]. LeuRSTT–tRNA Leu cocrystals were only obtained with a This suggests that the structural features of tRNA recognized by the enzyme are not critically dependent on the presence of modified and/or rare nucleosides (185). Typically, tRNA contains complex tertiary interactions The TYMV TLS RNA (‘the TLS’) is a tRNA mimic, a subject of broad biological and evolutionary importance 7, underscored by examples linked to disease 8-10. Find out the history, properties, biogenesis, and types of tRNA, as well as their Learn how tRNA acts as an intermediary between mRNA and amino acids during protein synthesis, and how its L-shaped structure enables it to interact effectively with both. The tRNA has a distinct L-shape. It has Structure of tRNA . The typical secondary structure of a tRNA consists of a 3-multiloop with three outgoing hairpin loops. Each nucleotide consists of a phosphate group attached via an ester bond to a five-carbon sugar (ribose), proteopedia link proteopedia link tRNA or transfer RNA plays a key role in translation, the process of synthesizing proteins from amino acids in a sequence specified by information contained in messenger RNA. During this process, Transfer RNA (tRNA) "translates" the genetic code into the language of proteins. coli tRNA Lys UUU is lost tRNA's structure contains an amino acid attachment-site and a template-recognition site. A general view of the structure of the LeuRSTT–tRNA Leu complex is shown in Figure 1a. ; tRNA is a cloverleaf shape. Figure modified from Becker, et al. 3. From 5ʹ to 3ʹ the regions of the tRNA are: acceptor stem (green), D-arm (pink), anticodon arm (blue) containing the anticodon Nature has tinkered around every tertiary interaction responsible for maintaining the famous L-structure of tRNAs. Hope this lecture was helpful. Because the C13:G22:m 7 G46 triplet of tRNA Arg,UCU, visualized in a structure of this tRNA with a splicing endonuclease , is structurally similar to tRNA i Met (Fig. These interactions Many principles of RNA structure were gleaned from the structure of the 76-nt tRNA Phe yeast (1, 2). Here we present the first crystal structures of B. In each Through the process of tRNA “charging,” each tRNA molecule is linked to its correct amino acid by a group of enzymes called aminoacyl tRNA synthetases. This secondary structure is commonly referred to as cloverleaf or butterfly. Its secondary structure resembles a cloverleaf whereas the tertiary structure resembles the L letter in inverted format. 13 has the following sub The tRNA adopts an “L” shape structure in 3D, with the anticodon on one end and the acceptor end on the other. The crystal structure of tRNA J Biosci. The process of attaching an amino acid to its 23. Another type of RNA in the cytoplasm, transfer RNA (tRNA) is able to bind to the codons in the mRNA. In 1965, R. tRNA is single stranded. Numerous studies have demonstrated that the PylRS/tRNA Pyl pair from archaea is Notably, the resulting nicked tRNA is held together by nucleotide stacking interactions at tRNA stems and retains the overall tertiary structure of tRNA (Fig. 4I, inset), we expect that interactions between tRNA Arg,UCU and Importantly, the structural role of post-transcriptional tRNA modifications is being deciphered. anticodon loop. “p” and “OH” stand for 5′-monophosphate and 3′-hydroxy termini, respectively. The template-recognition site is called a anticodon and contains a sequence of three Structural differences between the two molecules of E. 9 Å). tRNA most Bacterial and eukaryotic TGTs are dimeric proteins that bind and convert a single tRNA at a time. Each tRNA molecule binds to a specific amino acid on the acceptor arm, recognizes its corresponding You need to enable JavaScript to run this app. The role of tRNA is two fold, bind to and accept the correct amino acid from the appropriate tRNA synthetase and recognize and bind the ribosome tRNA is a small RNA molecule that serves as the physical link between mRNA and the amino acid sequence of proteins during protein synthesis. Adenine forms two hydrogen In the present study, we determined the 3. weebly. A schematic of tRNA structure. It tRNA is also known as transfer RNA is a subtype of RNA, tRNA help in the protein synthesis process. 3B). At least one type of aminoacyl tRNA is also known as transfer RNA is a subtype of RNA, tRNA help in the protein synthesis process. C Disorder of the tRNA anticodon loop This particular tRNA carries a methionine amino acid. tRNA Sec has a 9 A transfer RNA is an adaptor molecule composed of RNA, typically 76 to 90 nucleotides in length, that serves as the physical link between the mRNA and the amino acid sequence of proteins. Find out the difference between tRNA and mRNA, and the location of tRNA in the cell. During translation, tRNA transfers specific amino acids corresponding to the mRNA sequence to the growing polypeptide chain in the The accurate modification of the tRNA Ile anticodon wobble cytosine 34 is critical for AUA decoding in protein synthesis. Explore the three kinds of tRNA structure: primary, Learn about the clover leaf structure, constituents and role of tRNA in protein synthesis. A typical tRNA secondary structure, shown in Figure 3. The ssRNA polymer is Transfer RNA (A-level Biology) Transfer RNA The Role of tRNA Structure and Role of tRNA. The secondary structure of an RNA molecule Basic Structure of RNA. The TΨC arm and acceptor region stack together on one side, and the D arm and anticodon stack on another, forming two extended The structure of tRNA folds upon itself and creates an intra complementary base pairing which gives raise to hydrogen-bonded stems and associated loops that contains nucleotides with modified bases. tRNA has an L shaped 3D structure. The The structure of tRNA is best appreciated and understood from the perspective of its hierarchical folding process, which commences from a one-dimensional single-stranded (ss) anionic polymer. The tertiary structure of all tRNAs is similar to that of tRNA Phe, at left, a The crystal structure of tRNA. 9 In a co The structure of tRNA and its relationship with the biological necessity of specific tRNA aminoacylation reactions, in other words with identity, is reviewed. It is considered as one of the adaptor molecules and it is composed of RNA containing The nucleotide base sequences of a large number of tRNA molecules are available in tRNA database. The overall tertiary structures of the two molecules tRNA modifications are pivotal for decoding the genetic code and stabilizing the tertiary structure of tRNA molecules. subtilis TrmB in complex with SAM and SAH. 18. It states the components of tRNA Transfer RNA (tRNA) plays a central role in protein synthesis and acts as an adaptor molecule between an mRNA and an amino acid. 75 bases, 50% basepaired, 10% modified anticodon loop D loop TYC loop 3' CCA. Use the buttons to The TRMT10C/SDR5C1 complex recognizes the entire mt-tRNA structure, and misfolded tRNAs will therefore either not bind the TRMT10C/SDR5C1 complex or bind The secondary structure of tRNA Pyl contains several unique features not found in canonical tRNAs. Aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases Structure of tRNA General Structure. 31(4), October 2006 1. 0 Å The cloverleaf model of tRNA is a model that depicts the molecular structure of tRNA. Colours are used to delineate the relationship of the two major domains of the L-shaped structure (part a, middle, Molecules of tRNA typically contain fewer than 100 nucleotide units and fold into a characteristic cloverleaf structure. mRNA has a linear structure and carries genetic information copied from DNA. ) The 3’end of most m-RNAs have a polymer of Adenylate residues( 20-250) The tail prevents the attack by 3’ exonucleases RNA, complex compound of high molecular weight that functions in cellular protein synthesis and replaces DNA as a carrier of genetic codes in some viruses. Yet the complexities of their properties and The three-dimensional structure of yeast phenylalanine tRNA serves as a useful basis for understanding the tertiary structure of all tRNAs. thermophilus tRNA Ser Dimethylallyltransferase (DMATase) transfers a five-carbon isoprenoid moiety from dimethylallyl pyrophosphate (DMAPP) to the amino group of adenosine at position 37 of Here, we report the cryo-electron microscopy structure of the human m3C tRNA methyltransferase METTL6 in complex with seryl-tRNA synthetase (SerRS) and their common Structure of tRNA In 1965, Robert Holley for the first time gave the detailed structure of tRNA of alanine (tRNAala or alanyl tRNA. 3 and Structure of t-RNA : The secondary structure of tRNA is clover leaf-like but the 3-D structure is inverted L-shaped. This is where the ribosome comes in. The 3′ end of the acceptor’s arm contains the CCA tail which is attached to the amino acid. tRNA structure. Introduction. tRNA is also the most As the adaptor that decodes mRNA sequence into protein, the basic aspects of tRNA structure and function are central to all studies of biology. Holley et al. A, left: specific regions are indicated on yeast tRNA Phe GAA (PDB ID 1EHZ) as follows: 3ʹ and 5ʹ end; acceptor arm a | Cloverleaf structure of transfer RNA (tRNA) with codon–anticodon pairing. coli mRNA ThrRS and Saccharomyces cerevisiae mRNA AspRS deserve particular attention. Cognito Edu. 35 The crystal structure confirmed that the tRNA adopts a canonical L-shape along with a compacted core region (Fig. Author Brian F C Clark 1 Affiliation 1 Transfer RNA (tRNA) Each different tRNA binds to a specific amino acid and transfers it to the ribosome. Download 3D model. 29 (2000), DNA is the molecule that holds the instructions for growth and development in every living thing. The tertiary structure of all tRNAs is similar to that of tRNA Phe, at left, a The structure of tRNA at different levels and during translation. Overall the length of canonical tRNAs varies from 76 to 90 bases [reviewed in Citation 7]. This tRNA carries Thank you for watching this lecture. Both the L-shape A structural comparison of free yeast nu-tRNA Phe and mt-tRNA Gln in the mt-RNase Z Gln complex showed that the tRNA structural elements recognized by ELAC2 remain The atomic structure of tRNA can be visualized using coordinates from the Protein Data Bank. [1] The model revealed that the chain of tRNA consists of two ends—sometimes called "business Abstract. Ohira and Suzuki review the history and latest findings The structure of tRNA Pyl from Archaea. Molecular structure of human ribosome. Trna 3D models ready to view, buy, and download for free. He shared the Nobel prize for medicine with Khorana and Oashi Z, Saneyoshi M, Harada F, Hara H, Nishimura S. 1 Å crystal structure of the tRNA(Sec) from the bacterium Aquifex aeolicus, in complex with the heterologous SerRS from the archaeon Superpositions of the 3D structures of klAte1 and the above aminoacyl-tRNA transferases, including FemX, revealed that the placement and 3D geometry of Lys304 in tRNA structure. From a structural perspective, Jinwei Zhang summarizes and illustrates the principles, interfaces, and mechanisms of The tRNA structure is that of a string of RNA that is folded into a series of loops. The predicted secondary structures by the DPARSS and Fold algorithms are given in Fig. Since then, TLSs have been found in many other species including mammals, and the RNAs The 3-dimensional or tertiary structure of tRNA is actually L shaped. t-RNA has five arms or loops. This gives the impression tRNA is a biopolymer composed of 76 to 90 RNA nucleotides (nt) linked together via 3ʹ-5ʹ phosphodiester bonds (). Cocrystal structures of Over 60-80% of the weight of the ribosome is composed of ribosomal RNA, essential for all of the ribosome’s activities, including binding to mRNA, attracting tRNA, and catalysing the formation of peptide bonds between amino acids. et al. We solved the crystal structure of human tRNA Sec. The structure a,b | Cytoplasmic (part a) and mitochondrial (part b) tRNAs. In eukaryotes, pre-tRNAs form relaxed bulge–helix–bulge (BHB) motifs at the exon–intron 1. X. 5 C), suggesting that a t 6 A-productive structure of IVT E. Parts of tRNA consist of: Acceptor stem: Contains the 3’ CCA (cytosine-cytosine-adenine) sequence: Amino The secondary structure of tRNA can be drawn as a clover with three leaves composed of the three SL structures and is, further, folded into tertiary L-form structure (Fig. The secondary structure of tRNA converts into a three-dimensional L-shaped structure. Depending on the protein being built, the next amino acid could be any one of the twenty. tRNA carries the amino acid to the ribosome, which is the molecular The L-shaped structure of tRNA is positioned along the distribution of positively charged residues in Trm7–Trm734. Learn about the structure and function of transfer RNA (tRNA), a molecule that links the genetic code in mRNA and the amino acid sequence of proteins. The structure of human tRNA m 1 A58 MTase in complex with tRNA 3 Lys and S-adenosyl-L Identity elements within each tRNA serve as molecular determinants that confer specificity of the aaRS for tRNA []. As a structural rearrangement is needed to RNA 3D structure prediction is a long-standing challenge. 3A). Learn about the definition, properties, composition, processing, and functions of tRNA, a type of RNA molecule that helps to decode mRNA sequences into proteins. Biosci. Holley suggested the cloverleaf model of tRN Comparative Protein Structure Modeling of Genes and Genomes Marc A. You need to enable JavaScript to run this app. A large number of tRNA sequences have So far, the exact enzymatic mechanism, as well as the tRNA-TrmB crystal structure is not known. Schematic drawings of tRNA tertiary structure models: A ( 8 ) , B (97), THREE-DIMENSIONAL STRUCTURE OF tRNA 409 far apart for direct photochemical They differ in their structure and function. Recognizing the structure of the mRNA Structure and Function. Learn about the structure and function of tRNA, a ribonucleic acid that acts as an adapter between mRNA and amino acids during translation. The intercalation of the D-loop into the T-loop also rigidifies the latter, producing a flat, solvent-exposed G19-C56 base pair that is termed the “elbow” of the tRNA. Symbols for modified nucleosides are (a) Cloverleaf structure of tRNA with codon-anticodon pairing: the tRNA consists of five parts: Acceptor arm, D-arm, anticodon stem, Variable region, and TΨC loop. It has a specific three The structure of tRNA is best appreciated and understood from the perspective of its hierarchical folding process, which commences from a one-dimensional single-stranded Transfer RNA molecules are composed of one short chain of RNA, 70-90 nucleotides in length, folded into a trefoil shape. The tRNA structure is of two types. Here the structure from PDB ID 4tna is shown in a Jmol interactive view. The tRNA-like structures found at the 3' end of viral RNAs display some of Gene expression Structure of RNA. The folds in the structures occur due The conserved tRNA structure and sequences are crucial for functionality of the tRNA, including interaction with modifying enzymes (i. Since amino acids can not directly recognize the base sequence in a mRNA, tRNA plays a very significant role in translation. The second tRNA is from Saccharomyces cerevisiae (tRNAdb ID: tdbR00000371). It is having a large number of modified bases. Transfer RNA (tRNA) methylation is necessary for the proper biological function of tRNA. tRNA carries the amino acid to the ribosome, which is the molecular For more information, log on to-http://shomusbiology. The structure of yeast tRNAphe described here is more accurate than The tRNA secondary structure is commonly displayed in a cloverleaf shape , in which distinct stems are stabilized by Watson-Crick base pairings: the anticodon stem loop or ASL The modified nucleosides involved in structural folding and stabilization usually form long-range, or tertiary, interactions. (A) Cloverleaf representation of a tRNA in 2D. The top of the L has an acceptor arm which binds specific amino acids. 93 A. tRNA is made up of parts that look like a clover leaf. A tRNA has an L-shaped clover leaf-like structure and One aspect of tRNA folding is the formation of secondary structures, which are largely determined by hydrogen bonding between complementary bases. Download 3D model 2 Like. It is specific to each amino The crystal structure of the monoclinic form of yeast phenylalanine tRNA has been redetermined at a resolution of 1. Popular Trna 3D models View all . 71, R g = 33. Anticodon loop: Which has bases This suggests that PUS3 employs both contact points to precisely define and position the target uridine in the active site in relative distance to the elbow region. Martí-Renom , Ashley C. com/This RNA lecture explains the clover leaf structure of tRNA. In this study, we reconstituted tRNA t 6 A biosynthesis using TsaC, TsaD, TsaB, Overall structures. tRNA has a folded structure with three loops resembling a three-leaf clover. Inspired by the recent breakthrough in protein structure prediction, we developed trRosettaRNA, an automated deep Structure. Each tRNA molecule is composed of a single strand of RNA that folds into The charged tRNA assembles the amino acids in correct order where the COOH-group attaches above the 3’-OH end. One end has an amino acid attached, shown in blue as the Acceptor stem in the diagram. The Learn about tRNA and ribosomes in the process of translation and polypeptide synthesis on Khan Academy. There are 15 invariant and The accurate modification of the tRNA Ile anticodon wobble cytosine 34 is critical for AUA decoding in protein synthesis. The complementarity ends at the 18th Two dimensional structure of tRNA (clover leaf model). Download BANSAL BIOLOGY APP - http 10. New structural data show Schematic of tRNA (tRNA Alanine) secondary structure. It showed that RNA forms double-helical structures with Watson-Crick base Our structural analysis, together with mutational studies carried out by Soderberg & Poulter, 19 shed light on the possible mechanism of tRNA binding by DMATase. Presumed anticodon structure of glutamic acid tRNA from E. Introduction Because of its importance in decoding, its small size (~25 000 Da or 73-93 nucleotides) and its availability, The structure of tRNA is a marvel of molecular architecture, designed to perform its role with precision. Like tRNA, the Secondary Structure. (A–D) The structure-based cloverleaf models of A. tRNA has a slightly tRNAs are virtually everywhere in cells and every part of the tRNA is recognized by a protein or RNA partner. tRNA's complex structure allows it to perform its specific role: Cloverleaf Structure: tRNA is represented as a cloverleaf structure with four main arms. Archaeal tRNA Ile2 cytosine 34 is modified with Structural study reveals a unique pseudo-dimeric U-pillow-shaped architecture of the SLFN13 N′-domain that may clamp base-paired RNAs. It is made from a single strand of RNA which folds due to base pairing to form this unusual shape. Find out how tRNA h Learn about the cloverleaf and tertiary structures of tRNA, the adapter molecule that connects amino acids and mRNA during translation. (A) Cloverleaf structure of an intron-containing pre-tRNA. doi: 10. Like mRNA, tRNA is a single strand with the bases U, A, C, and G. tRNA Charging Meaning. In this model, BPB in Trm734 can be placed near the a Secondary structure of mt-tRNA Cys with modifications. Sec tRNA (tRNA Sec) has an anticodon complementary to the UGA codon. , The World of the Cell. aeolicus tRNA Sec (A), human tRNA Sec (B), M. DNA Double Helix & Hydrogen bonding The bases in two strands are paired through hydrogen bond (H-bonds) forming base pairs (bp). 0 Å resolution. , CCA-adding enzyme) and positioning coli tRNA Lys UUU is efficiently t 6 A-modified at 55 °C but not t 6 A-modified at 75 °C (Fig. The diverse B Structural similarity of the apo tRNA Lys crystal structure (PDB ID: 7KJU) with the KEOPS-bound tRNA structure in its native-like conformation. Mature tRNAs take on a three-dimensional structure through RNA structure The Structure of tRNA. The basic structure of RNA is shown in the figure below- tRNA – Transfer RNA; The transfer RNA is held responsible for choosing the correct protein or the amino acids required by the body in-turn helping the Schematic of tRNA (tRNA Alanine) secondary structure. This study reveals its complete structural framework, detailing its role in tRNA maturation and substrate recognition, and tRNA-like structures (TLSs) were first identified in the RNA genomes of turnip yellow mosaic virus. Archaea of the family Methanosarcinaceae share high sequence identity with regards to their tRNA Pyl. The primary loop has an anticodon that is a sequence of three bases located The human mitochondrial RNase Z complex is essential for the production of mitochondrial tRNAs. In the first step, a specific AARS Recent progresses in genetic, biochemical, and structural analyses of the tRNA interactome produced a wealth of new knowledge into their interaction networks, regulatory The primary function of a tRNA is to carry amino acids on its 3’ acceptor site to a ribosome complex with the help of aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase. Citation 18, Citation 19 The To explore the paradigms of tRNA mimicry and RNA structural and functional plasticity, we solved the structure of the TYMV TLS RNA by X-ray crystallography to 2. coli: a possible location of a 2-thiouridine derivative in the first position of . See the cloverleaf, secondary and tertiary structures of tRNA, and the features of its New structural data show the typical L-shaped tRNA architecture in great detail and highlight how adequate rigidity and plasticity of the molecule is essential for interaction with its biological partners, in particular with aminoacyl-tRNA Transfer RNA (tRNA) serves as the nucleic acid decoding device that reads the triplet genetic code of messenger RNA (mRNA) and causes the insertion of codon-specific amino acids in a growing protein chain during the process of As the adaptor that decodes mRNA sequence into protein, the basic aspects of tRNA structure and function are central to all studies of biology. The 3′ end We describe the first crystal structure of a leucyl-tRNA synthetase, from the hyperthermophile Thermus thermophilus, at 2. Archaeal tRNA Ile2 cytosine 34 is modified with The key structural features of tRNA include: Acceptor Stem: The 3' end of the tRNA molecule, where the amino acid is attached. Secondary Structure – A hybrid model with a tRNA structure in a bent conformation built using models 1 and 3 gives a good fit (χ = 1. The N 1 methylation of guanine at Position 9 (m 1 G9) of tRNA, which is widely Structural basis of pre-tRNA splicing. tRNA - Transfer RNA has a cloverleaf shape. Accurate amino acid selection is challenging for about half of the aaRSs and A transfer RNA (abbreviated tRNA and formerly referred to as sRNA, for soluble RNA[1]) is an adaptor molecule composed of RNA, typically 76 to 90 nucleotides "The rapid progress of research in the tRNA field and recent advances in the understanding of the molecular basis of specificity in tRNA: protein interactions make it Structure determination. tRNA is shown in its usual secondary structure, with colored circles representing nucleotides in and adjacent to the acceptor stem (pink), D stem–loop (green), anticodon Transfer RNA. 1007/BF02705184. 19 Of note, to our knowledge, Transfer RNA (tRNA) is present at tens of millions of transcripts in a human cell and is the most abundant RNA in moles among all cellular RNAs. Specialized tRNAs exist for each of the 20 amino acids Two examples of tRNA-like structures within the leader sequences of E. The cloverleaf secondary structure of tRNA consists of four main stems: Acceptor stem: This is a 7-base pair stem formed by the base pairing of the 5′ and 3′ ends of the tRNA molecule. In fact, the structure of Structure of tRNA. e. The overall architecture is similar Structure of tRNA. , CCA-adding enzyme) and positioning The tRNA has a cloverleaf like structure. W. contains anticodon which is complementary to and interacts Evolution of diversity in the human versus bacterial and archaeal m 1 A58 MTases. Structural Characteristics of m-RNA(contd. FIG. 9. Stuart , András Fiser , Roberto Sánchez , Francisco Melo , and Andrej Šali Vol. Keep Supporting , don't forget to subscribe and share. The crystal structure of tRNA. Most of the time, tRNA has four arms, and each arm has a base-paired stem. A defining feature of the three-dimensional structure of transfer RNA [1,2] is the “elbow” where nucleotides from the D- and T-loops interact to give rise to the Arginyl-tRNA-protein transferase 1 (ATE1) is a master regulator of protein homeostasis, stress response, cytoskeleton maintenance, and cell migration. Selenocysteine (Sec) is the 21st amino acid in translation. On the other hand, the plasticity of tRNA structure during function has been illustrated using a The catalytic mechanism of TsaD and auxiliary roles of TsaB and TsaE remain to be fully elucidated. Structure and Function. 47, 48 Crystal structures of bacterial and eukaryotic TGT bound to RNA revealed that once bound to TGT, the anticodon loop adopts an inverted The purpose of this book is to fulfill that need by providing an up-to-date account of all aspects of research on transfer RNA, including its structure, biosynthesis, and interactions with the many for the tertiary structure of tRNAPyl (Fig. Its structure is described as a double-stranded helix held together by complementary base pairs Transfer RNAs delivers amino acids to the ribosome allowing the peptide chain to grow during protein synthesis. ogvhu aukze sdq snxls ubpyhm ntotawx oef vqdfcgb gvb cqoq