Chinese menstruation culture. Buckley T, Gottlieb A, editors.
Chinese menstruation culture. Journal of Anthropological Research.
Chinese menstruation culture Since culture can be cultivated, the boundary between "Huaxia" and "Siyi" is not absolute. Jul 5, 2023 · A Chinese mother has won widespread support online for celebrating her stepdaughter’s first menstruation with a loving letter and a cake while fighting period shaming. Traditional Chinese clothes usually adopted a straight cut and were loose Oct 8, 2022 · One of the newest period dramas to have been released of late, Love Between Fairy and Devil stars Dylan Wang of Meteor Garden fame and Esther Yu, former member of THE9. The Chinese migrant community in Australia tends to become particularly visible in competitive circumstances. Mair Victor H. Our China culture guide contains information divided into Traditions, Heritage, Arts, Festivals, Language, and Symbols. Apr 1, 2023 · “In my culture, they think menstruation is dirty, impure, so they keep (women in menstruation) separately …. So much so that in 304 the country was again divided into a period known as the Sixteen Kingdoms, which were all non-Chinese. A search was conducted via relevant databases and journals for the period 2004 to Jan 23, 2024 · One of the best Chinese period dramas of all time, Legend of Lu Zhen is based on Zhang Wei’s acclaimed novel Female Prime Minister. Mythical animals and symbols of nature are depicted on the jades, bronzes, and Jan 7, 2025 · These short videos have become an essential channel for spreading the fine traditional Chinese culture. ” (N2); “It is not allowed to do god worship. Mair, Editor Sino-Platonic Papers Department of East Asian Languages and Civilizations University of Pennsylvania Philadelphia, PA 19104-6305 USA vmair@sas. 1. The drama, released in 2013, tells the story of a lady-in-waiting named Lu Zhen and how she rises to the position of prime minister during the short-lived Northern Qi dynasty in the 6th century AD. The underlying interest islinguo-cultural as thestudy aims to verify whether dominant menstrual attitudes are reflected in the linguistic conceptualization of menstruation within each socio-cultural group. 1), for instance, stresses the role of ritual and politeness in Chinese culture: “[f]rom the Chinese perspective, politeness is conceptualized and deeply rooted in its long tradition, and is a core substance of behavioral norms”. The cultural standards of the time, vigorously impacted by Confucian and Taoist idea, saw the period as a critical sign of wellbeing and essentialness in ladies. When the body is In early modern Europe, humoral theories of the body defined menstruation as but one of the ways that the body could rid itself of impure or excess blood, and women’s monthly flows were readily conflated with other forms of spontaneous or episodic bleeding. Relevance to clinical practice Menstruation is not only a biological body practice that influences females' daily lives but also contains cultural, economic, social, and political meanings that are related to women's gender identity and social status. Chinese culture is diverse and unique, yet harmoniously blended — an invaluable asset to the world. 5% tax imposed on Dec 11, 2020 · Doctor: Has your recent menstrual period been on time? Informal Expressions for Menstrual Period. This has produced a stereotype of the Chinese in western culture. The link between menstruation and sexuality often makes them feel ashamed and may limit their likelihood of seeking professional help (Yang, 2011; Chang & Lin, 2013). This study recommends that sex education, especially reproductive health education, be extended to tertiary education. Feb 9, 2024 · Menstruation, a natural biological process, is surrounded by a myriad of cultural practices and beliefs across the globe. China's culture thus remains highly complex, encompassing ancient traditions and modern experiments, in what sometimes appears to be a rather dynamic but tenuous mix. 9% of China’s feminine hygiene product market, compared with 26. They were also used for human and animal sacrifices (horses and dogs). The Chinese are divided into two major groups, the "Huaxia" and the "Siyi". Edmund Lien 2 Letters as Calligraphy Exemplars: The Long and Eventful Life of Yan Zhenqing’s (709–785) Imperial Commissioner Liu Letter 53 Amy McNair 3 Chinese Decorated Letter Papers 97 Suzanne E. Relevance to clinical practice Sep 28, 2021 · Bob Flaws, author, translator, and editor of over 80 books on Chinese medicine, stated that “until only fairly recently, the history and practice of Chinese medicine was rife with sectarianism. 1 day ago · China - Culture, Traditions, History: Skeletal remains and stone implements date to the Paleolithic stage of cultural development, from the 29th to the 17th millennium bce. ” (N1); “During menstruation time we can’t take bath Oct 14, 2021 · Another Period Pride initiative invites proposals for products and services that address the issue of period poverty and period shame. The culture of the People's Republic was in development long before its foundation in 1949 and is mainly a combination of traditional Chinese culture and communism. A phenomenological approach showed that menarche and menstrual attitudes among Taiwanese adolescents were comprised in 4 dimensions: self-perception, information, and cultural practices with regard to menarche; physiological symptoms and psychological reactions during menstruation; coping mechanisms during menarche and menstruation; and methods for coping and cultural practices for menstruation. Disney Pixar's 'Turning Red' tackles topics marginalized by the male gaze—menstruation, friendship, body Sep 5, 2014 · The Days After Your Period Begins Up Until Ovulation (Follicular Phase) This is a yin and blood building time, according to Traditional Chinese Medicine, which is well-illustrated by the growth of new endometrial tissue. sino-platonic. Jul 25, 2020 · The qualitative ethnographic study included data collected from 48 in-depth interviews from four mother–daughter dyads from six groups that were defined by the origin of the mothers, who were born in (1) Israel; or immigrated to Israel from: (2) North Africa; (3) Europe; (4) the Former Soviet Union (FSU); (5) the United States or Canada; and (6) Ethiopia. Jan 24, 2020 · Here are some links and resources, if you would like to know more about the Chinese postpartum period. Dianne E. Applicants from universities in China and abroad submit creative proposals and product prototypes that a panel of gender experts, nonprofit leaders, and impact investors review. We discuss the origins of these beliefs, the societal views on menstruation, and personal experiences related to the rituals. The key to a happy and manageable menstrual cycle is maintaining the proper flow and discharge of menstrual blood. During this time, women are in yin, or weak blood, period because of the blood lost during menstruation. So women spoke out : Goats and Soda Menstruation is a taboo subject in China, but women are fighting the stigma with open discussion and campaigns for The objective of this chapter is to present an overview of how menstruation, a normal bodily function, was and is perceived in various ethnic groups and cultures in the world, from ancient mythology, historical, or traditional practices to contemporary belief systems. Jun 3, 2020 · In Chinese medicine, we spend a lot of time going through the details about the flow of a period because all the small signs and symptoms tell a part of the entire health story. 5 Key Variations in Traditional Chinese Clothing. Hi,This video will help you expand your vocabulary and practice listening and reading. It has the advantage of exploring large sample size with low cost, and high efficiency. To capture users' attention in a short period, cultural short videos need to provide in May 3, 2022 · “In Western culture, we have this girlboss hangover where we think we need to hustle our way through our period when really it's a time of rest. 1721 Nov 1, 2008 · In the case of Menstruation: A Cultural History, the cliché is true: a collection of essays often makes an uneven book. Similarly, Taiwanese culture's pollution taboos, which focus on menstrual "dirt" (tsang in Mandarin; lasam in Hokkien) or "poison" Free online talking dictionary with handwriting recognition, fuzzy pinyin matches, word decomposition, stroke order, character etymology, etc. . Feminist students in Chinese universities did some protests against period shaming, only to had their posters seized by securities and got punished by their universities. [12] [13] The idea that menstruation is—or ideally ought to be—in harmony with wider cosmic rhythms is one of the most tenacious ideas central to the myths and rituals of traditional communities across the world. Chinese writing, culture and institutions were imported as a whole by Vietnam, Korea, Japan and other neighbouring states over an extended period. Traditional Chinese clothing was the outcome of people's aesthetic tastes and social customs. edu www. Chinese Neolithic pottery shapes and types are Despite its political and social instability, this era witnessed a flourishing of culture, ideas, and art comparable to that of the European Renaissance. Structured There are many cultural aspects surrounding how societies view menstruation. Oct 24, 2022 · Chinese period dramas are among our favourite genres of shows to binge-watch. My friend, and many Chinese women in general, are concerned about consuming “cold foods” just before or during their menstrual cycle. Click to pronunce Conclusion Chinese undergraduates in Hong Kong were influenced by the traditional Chinese culture and social environment, resulting in negative attitudes towards menstruation. jpg 2,098 × 3,146; 4. Journal of Anthropological Research. As tabooed behaviors such as menstruation and discussing menstruation breach Oct 11, 2023 · Widely known as the “tampon tax” or, in Chinese, “period tax” (月经税 yuèjīng shuì), the levy on sanitary products isn’t exclusive to China. 36 MB. Similarly, Taiwanese culture's pollution taboos, which focus on menstrual "dirt" (tsang in Mandarin; lasam in Hokkien) or "poison" In China, menstruation is a culture-bound phenomenon and adolescent girls experience challenges in achieving optimal menstrual health (Yang, 2011). The pads were being sold at 21. ” (N1); “During menstruation time we can’t take bath Mar 11, 2022 · How 'Turning Red' Presents Chinese Culture Liberated Me in a Way I Didn't Know I Needed. Chinese culture is the synthesis of various ethnic cultures. 2 In particular, many saw menstruation in women and haemorrhoidal bleeding in men as Mar 1, 1992 · Structured interviews with 54 Taiwanese women reveal three frameworks used in interpreting menstruation: biomedicine, traditional Chinese medicine, and popular Buddhist teachings concerning menstrual pollution, modifying models of Chinese women as simple victims of the culture's symbolic construction of menstruation as polluting as an unproblematicforce for their liberation. Menstruation is experienced differently among school-going adolescents in various cultures and social contexts. More information is needed on the benefits of formal maternal healthcare services; such educational programs should be geared towards not only women but al … Sep 20, 2023 · Until the second half of the twentieth century, menstruation was primarily theorized within anthropology through two interconnected frameworks: symbolic contamination (or pollution) and cultural understandings of taboo. All ethnic groups in China have written great works such as the Book of Songs, the Songs of Chu, Poetry in the Han Dynasty, Poetry of the Tang Dynasty, Song Poems, the Opera from Yuan Dynasty, and novels of the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Here are a couple of informal ways to express “menstrual period” in Chinese. After an accidental mishap resulting in Orchid (Yu) freeing the Demon Lord (Wang), the two seemed to have swapped b Search for: Chinese Tea Varieties. Mythical tales about menstruati … May 27, 2020 · Menstruation Shame Culture 27 May, 2020 By Asia Safe Abortion Partnership As we enter #MenstrualHygieneWeek to celebrate Menstrual Hygiene Day on #May28 across the world, we spoke with alumni Youth Champion from China, Jingyun ‘Iris’ Pi as she threw light on the conditions of female health workers in #China and their menstrual health issues Apr 27, 2021 · In other words, the input education of Chinese culture has become a weak link in the teaching of translation courses for English majors, and the students' translation ability is pale and empty The Jin Dynasty came after the Three Kingdoms Period with partial unification. A Cross‐Cultural Study of Menstruation, Menstrual Taboos, and Related Social Variables. The basis of many conduct norms and communication about menstruation in western industrial societies is the belief that menstruation should remain hidden. 99RMB (3USD) on the country’s biggest ecommerce platform, Taobao. May 13, 2011 · develop from a complex interaction of cultural beliefs and actual experience. imperial dynasties) in China's history together with a short description. 9e11 Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is an integral part of Chinese culture that is generally practiced in different ways in China, Hong Kong, and Taiwan. Even though you can do something doesn't mean you associated cultural background, menstrual experience, and age group). Lunar and menstrual phase-locking and menstrual synchrony are two of the most persistent ideas crucial to the myths and rituals of traditional communities across the world. Ancient Chinese Culture. Nov 27, 2024 · Having the series broadcast on Netflix is a fantastic opportunity to share traditional Chinese culture with a global audience, and being part of such a drama is truly an honor. Dec 22, 2024 · It's just barely conceivable that there's some anatomical difference involved, but much more likely the difference is purely cultural. Nov 23, 2022 · Period Pride, a group that encourages women to openly share their stories about menstruation, raised money to transport thousands of packages of sanitary pads to the Chinese city of Ruili during COVID lockdowns. A Chinese mom may never say the cold would make her daughter sick, but the repetition makes young girls skeptical that anything other than warm food and drink would be soothing. In this period, the creation of scapulimance, and bronze and jade objects found in the burials of some nobles and kings of ancient dynasties are noteworthy. The article offers insights into how one can a Dec 1, 2013 · Chinese undergraduates in Hong Kong were influenced by the traditional Chinese culture and social environment, resulting in negative attitudes towards menstruation. The duration varies, typically lasting from 49 to 100 days, but can be extended up to three years for a first-born child. Jun 1, 1992 · These findings modify models of Chinese women as simple victims of the culture's symbolic construction of menstruation as polluting, as well as questioning stereotypes of biomedicine as an unproblematic force for their liberation. Now in China, mostly through online marketplaces, you can find both applicator or non-applicator tampons. Dec 5, 2020 · The stigma of menstruation stems from Chinese tradition, which views menstruation as “dirty” or “unclean. A more nuanced approach to taboos of talking about menstruation has also helped anthropologists explore the dynamism of taboos. Oct 24, 2022 · Comments revealed an ignorance among men about menstruation, notably evidenced by the “why can’t women just hold it in?” In China, menstruation has roots in a traditional culture that In traditional Chinese culture, menstrual blood is considered the dirtiest of all bodily emissions, and its alleged capacity to “contaminate” is believed to be dangerous to those who come into… Menstruation in synchrony with the moon is widely assumed in myths and traditions as a ritual ideal. During that brief era, when China was truly a multistate system, five short-lived regimes succeeded one another in control of the old imperial heartland in northern China, hence the name Wudai (Five Dynasties Feb 1, 2012 · A phenomenological approach showed that menarche and menstrual attitudes among Taiwanese adolescents were comprised in 4 dimensions: self-perception, information, and cultural practices with regard to menarche; physiological symptoms and psychological reactions during menstruation; coping mechanisms during menarche and menstruation; and methods for coping and cultural practices for menstruation. For instance, in Switzerland, period products are currently taxed at the “standard rate” of 7. These nineteen chapters are arranged in two sections. Chinese Black Tea; Chinese Green Tea; Chinese Oolong Tea This page lists all historical periods (incl. Despite the social media hubbub, there's also a belief in China that Chinese women are much more reluctant than Europeans to talk about menstruation at all. Later invasions and contact with foreign cultures has colored Chinese culture, but the underlying forms established during the Shang and Zhou eras still appear in modern Chinese culture in everything from religion, to traditions, to dress, to writing in characters. And while the market research firm Euromonitor found that China’s tampon market grew 342% between 2014 and 2018, it was still Sep 14, 2020 · A post of 100 unbranded and package-free sanitary napkins recently aroused a heated discussion around period poverty on Chinese microblogging platform Weibo. To be honest, the lines get a little blurred with the many different sub-genres. The basis of many conduct n Jun 11, 2021 · Our splendid culture is the joint creation of all ethnic groups. That action will then direct you to a narrative overview of this period in Chinese history. China would end up being divided into only two great kingdoms in the Southern and Northern Dynasties Period (420 – 589). Nov 6, 2023 · Media in category "Menstruation in culture" Medical talisman for irregular menstruation (Chinese MS) Wellcome L0039756. 1974 Jun 1;2(2):137–70. The word "yin" is associated with growth, form, and substance. " Wang Xing-yue, the star of The Double , plays Chai An, a resourceful and wealthy landlord in Bianjing whose teahouse is located right across the street from the Li According to a 2020 study, progesterone and estrogen cause fluctuations in body temperature during the month, with a generally lower temperature occurring in the follicular period and also associated with yin. 7% along with cars, watches, and alcohol — as opposed to the reduced 2. These traditions, shaped by historical, social, and religious influences, vary significantly from one culture to another. “Doing the month: Chinese postpartum practices” Article in MCN The American Journal of Maternal/Child Nursing · November 2006 DOI: 10. Jul 29, 2015 · Dear Anne, I hear about these Chinese habits everyday! It’s very interesting actually to understand how Chinese girls consider their period and act in different ways to protect themselves and keep their body balance. 姨妈and例假 are alternarive words for月经and生理期, because people find saying the latter ones shaming to them. 00:07 story (pinyin + hanzi + tr Nov 23, 2022 · Sanitary pads weren't sold on Chinese trains. ” During their periods, women are discouraged from engaging in cultural activities, such as honoring the dead or visiting places of worship. This extended mourning period signifies the deep familial bond and the importance of the firstborn in Chinese culture. [2] It boasts a vast and varied geographic expanse, 3,600 years of written history, as well as a rich and profound culture. Traditional Confucian patriarchal hierarchies in Chinese society, women’s bodies and bodily functions were challenged with the influx of new social ideas and technologies. Jenett studies the poetry of South India, uncovering connections between menstruation, divinity, and women-focused rituals. Material Aspects of Chinese Letter Writing Culture 1 Reconstructing the Postal Relay System of the Han Period 17 Y. AIMS AND OBJECTIVES To explore the beliefs and attitudes towards menstruation of Chinese undergraduates in Nov 8, 2013 · Chinese undergraduates in Hong Kong were influenced by the traditional Chinese culture and social environment, resulting in negative attitudes towards menstruation. Chinese are often among the first in-line for the release of a new piece of technology, or noticed as high achievers in universities and schools. The north was ruled by the Tuoba May 22, 2024 · Agyekum K. Chinese mourning customs create a solemn atmosphere for reflection and remembrance. Ever since Chinese girls start their period, their moms enforce the temperature rules. Aug 17, 2016 · Some 76 percent of Chinese women feel uncomfortable in a social setting — like having dinner with friends or family, for example — while having their period, says the council's 2014 survey of Conclusion: Chinese undergraduates in Hong Kong were influenced by the traditional Chinese culture and social environment, resulting in negative attitudes towards menstruation. For clarity, we’re including wuxia (martial arts) and xianxia (fantasy) into the period drama genre, just because if we’re immersing ourselves into a world of billowing dresses and Dec 21, 2024 · Do you know Menstruation in Chinese? How to use Menstruation in Chinese and how to say Menstruation in Chinese? How to write Menstruation in Chinese? Now let's learn how to say Menstruation in Chinese language. Traditional Chinese medicine typically conceptualizes health as a harmonious Nov 12, 2024 · This article explores the cultural beliefs surrounding visiting Moon Elder during menstruation, particularly in 2025. Apr 1, 2017 · Even if they have no connection to reality, mythical stories about menstruation have continued to underpin current menstruation-related cultural beliefs and practices. As most Chinese women of reproductive age use a tool to manage menstruation, real-time recording of menstrual data ensures the authenticity of the research. Relevance to clinical practice Jun 1, 2019 · According to a 2017 report from Period Helper — a Chinese period-tracking app — and CBNData, tampons accounted for just 2. Menstruation as a verbal taboo among the Akan of Ghana. Jul 12, 2024 · In ancient China, feminine cycle was not just a natural peculiarity but rather likewise a subject of social and otherworldly importance. Like many early civilizations, the Chinese ways of seeing the world began with an awe of nature and the imagination of an afterlife. Feb 25, 2021 · Menstruation was increasingly viewed as a biological or medical phenomenon. 2002 Oct 1;58(3):367–87. The Ancient Age was the most influential in the Chinese culture of all. Chinese Rites controversy: The pope Pope Clement XI issued a papal bull forbidding veneration of the dead and worship of Confucius among Chinese converts to Catholicism. This scoping review summarises the emerging evidence on adolescent girls’ perceptions and cultural beliefs about menstruation and menstrual practices. The Chinese regard menstruation and its products as both dirty and polluting. Constant cultural exchanges between China and the West and relative political stability at the end of the period paved the way for the arrival of the glorious Tang dynasty. Chinese culture underwent several turning points and renewals throughout its long unfolding but it was already rich and essential in the period of antiquity called the pre-Chin period Dec 1, 2013 · In addition, in Hong Kong, the attitude toward menstruation aligns with traditional Chinese culture and beliefs-namely, that menstruation symptoms are considered almost pathological, the result of Jun 17, 2021 · In modern-day China, menstruation is no longer considered taboo in the same way that it was in the past. While traditional Chinese culture examined menstruation as taboo and stigma, Nov 14, 2024 · "As an actress, I feel a duty to share Chinese culture, to give fans and viewers a glimpse of the beauty of our heritage. Jan 1, 2009 · This casts a more positive light on menstruation than normally assumed. Buckley T, Gottlieb A, editors. During this period, other ethnicities in the north established political power and moved to the central plains, gradually accepting the Han culture. Different cultures view menstruation in different ways. However, women still use discrete terms to talk about their period and often try to hide it in front of others. However, China again fractured, this time into the Southern and Northern Dynasties (420–589). of Middle Period Chinese Culture Edited by Victor H. Similarly, menstruation is discussed in affirmative [End Page 125] terms in Sabine Wilms' explication of medieval Chinese medicine. There were no fashion shows in ancient China. 1716: The Kangxi Dictionary was published. 1097/00005721-200611000-00013 · Source: PubMed Dec 1, 2013 · Chinese undergraduates in Hong Kong were influenced by the traditional Chinese culture and social environment, resulting in negative attitudes towards menstruation, and this study recommends that sex education, especially reproductive health education, be extended to tertiary education. upenn. women are not allowed to be in the room (including kitchen), they have to sit in a separate room with a separate bed. Oct 17, 2023 · Lee (Reference Lee 2020, p. It varied historically, regionally, and through the social hierarchy. Lee (2020, p. Chinese culture (Chinese: 中華文化) is a broad term used to describe the cultural foundation, even among Chinese-speaking regions outside of mainland China. let's learn chinese from story. 1720: Chinese expedition to Tibet: A Qing expedition expelled the invading forces of the Dzungar Khanate from Tibet. Menstruation translate to Chinese meanings: 经期. . Mar 20, 2023 · “In my culture, they think menstruation is dirty, impure, so they keep (women in menstruation) separately …. Blood magic: The anthropology of menstruation. Such correlations are indeed found, although the youngest age-group Dec 19, 2023 · Mourning Period. The reason is that “cold” has the property of contracting and obstructing. Students of one teacher or adherents of one school jealously guarded their theories and techniques, seldom sharing these openly” (Shou-Zhong, Y Conclusion: Chinese undergraduates in Hong Kong were influenced by the traditional Chinese culture and social environment, resulting in negative attitudes towards menstruation. Ancient Chinese culture, before the imperial era (from 221 BC), has obscure beginnings. Chinese cultures emerged as agriculture spread across the Yellow River and the Yangzi River systems approximately ten millennia ago. Chinese Buddhism spread over East Asia between the 2nd and 5th centuries AD, followed by Confucianism as these Nov 13, 2019 · Instead of this, Chinese girls drink hot water, tea, soup, and eat only warm dishes. Different cultures view menstruation in different ways. There are many cultural aspects surrounding how societies view menstruation. You can then select which period or dynasty to learn more about by clicking on the period's name or icon. org Many Asian women continue to practice a wide range of traditional beliefs and practices during pregnancy, childbirth, and the postpartum period. Ethos. Wright Chinese nation by absorbing the elements of the surrounding tribes; during the Spring and Autumn Period, Confucius based on regional and cultural standards. 7% in the United States. This produced a great Chinese emigration towards the South. Montgomery RE. with Chinese women from Hong Kong and the People's Republic, with social workers, and with Chinese doctors, some trained in the Chinese classical tradition, others in modern western methods. In informal or casual conversations, you might prefer using a less technical or more colloquial expression to talk about menstruation with friends or family members. " In Zhao's view, performers can play a crucial role in cultural exchanges 4 days ago · History of China - The Five Dynasties and the Ten Kingdoms: The period of political disunity between the Tang and the Song lasted little more than half a century, from 907 to 960. [2] Nov 8, 2013 · Chinese undergraduates in Hong Kong were influenced by the traditional Chinese culture and social environment, resulting in negative attitudes towards menstruation. Mary Douglas suggested that "dirt" is essentially disor- A mobile APP was utilized to investigate menstruation characteristics and disorders in this study. both traditional Chinese medicine and Western biomedicine portray menstruation as an essential aspect of health and fertility in women while warning of female vulnerability at this time. [2] Nov 1, 2008 · In the case of Menstruation: A Cultural History, the cliché is true: a collection of essays often makes an uneven book. Design. Decorated artifacts, primarily marked pottery vessels, have been found in dozens of Incipient Neolithic and Neolithic sites, dating from the 12th to the 2nd millennium bce. [citation needed] Chinese tea culture refers to how tea is prepared as well as the occasions when people consume tea in China. Dec 8, 2021 · When studying period culture in contemporary China, researcher Meng Jiang identified communication as one of the major struggles for menstruators. In other words, 经期 in Chinese is Menstruation in English. During the Spring and Autumn period, Chinese tea was used for medicinal purposes and it was the period when the Chinese people first enjoyed the juice extracted from the tea leaves that they chewed. lonercsknpobjebwnkiyzbbevfttjtgxdjlgphxsjpgncpolwnwgoo